How to Get Code Coverage with Jacoco and Espresso

Finding code coverage is very important for testing because it allows you to measure your testing efforts. If you have a test suite prepared for your application but you are not sure test suite covers how much percentage of code then finding the code coverage will be good practice Once you get the coverage report, you will know exactly what part of code is not covered in your test case and then you can add test cases to cover the code.

Jacoco is java code coverage tool which allows you to calculate code coverage for your unit tests and instrumented tests. Jacoco can be used with Ant, Maven & Gradle build tools. Today, I will show you step by step integration of Jacoco with Gradle for Espresso test suite.

I have done this setup for Simple Hello world project to give idea of how Jacoco works and gives proper code coverage report.

Pre-requisite –

• Android Studio
• Junit
• Espresso Setup
• Espresso Test Case written as per our previous post for “Hello Word”

How to Setup Jacoco and Get Coverage ?

• • Create an android project as shown in my previous post.
    
  • Create a java class inside src->main->androidTest and write your Espresso test case in the class
  • Create a new class named AndroidJococoTestRunner in src -> main ->androidTest and copy below code inside the class.
    

• • Open app-> build.gradle and copy below code in defaultConfig.

• • Then click on Gradle on right side of Android studio -> click on refresh -> other -> right click on createDebugAndroidTestCoverageReport -> click on run
    

• • This action will run all the test cases inside src->main->androidTest and give the report in app->build-> reports ->coverage -> debug.
  • pen index.html file in the browser to check the code coverage report as shown in below screenshot.

How to Write and Run First Test Case in Android Studio?

So far we have learnt on creating our Android Studio project and overview of Junit and TestNG testing framework. In this Tutorial, we will write our first test case and run it. It sounds exciting but before that we need to decide a testing tool which we want to use for writing testing Framework.

We have many famous testing tools in market like Appium, Robotium , Espresso etc. Espresso is an open source framework provided by Android Studio so let use that to write our first test case.
The main purpose of this tutorial is to learn to write and run test case in Android Studio so we will focus on this and not on testing tools. We will learn about testing tools in future posts.

Perquisite –

• Create an Android Studio Project
• Configure TestNG Framework.
• Configure Espresso Tool

Steps for Writing Test Cases –

• • • Go to app -> src ->androidTest -> Java 

• • • Right click on the package name
      

• • • Go to New -> Java Class and click
    • Enter File Name and Click on Ok.
    • “Now your java class is ready.>

Now we will write a simple code as per given below

1. The class uses two annotations @LargeTest and @Runwith these two annotations are used to specify the behavior for our TestClass.
2. The class extends AcitivtyInstrumentationTestCase2 class with launch activity as MainActivity which we want to test in this example.
3. @Before and @After is annotations and used to specify which method should be executed before each test case and which method should be executed after completion of each test case.
4.@Test annotation is added for each test case method.
5. In the below test case the getAcitivity() launches our Main Activity.
6. onView() is used to select a view for testing and withId() is used to locate the UI element and rest is used to check whether the particular element is displayed or not.

Running Test Case –

• • • • For Android Studio Version Less than 2.1
        • Click on Build Variants
    • Select Android Instrumentation Tests
    • Right click on class name and click on Run
    • For Android Studio Versions More than 2.1
      1. Right click on class name and click on Run

    

    
    
    

How to Configure TestNG in Android Studio?

In our previous tutorial, we have learnt about Junit Testing framework and now in this we will get to know about one more powerful testing framework called TestNG. TestNG framework as some different functionalities which makes it more powerful testing framework..

What is TestNG Framework?

TestNG is a testing framework developed from inspiration of Junit and Nunit with additional features making is more effective and simple for use. It is a powerful automation testing framework where NG Stands for Next Generation. It gives developers power to write more flexible and powerful test cases.

Features of TestNG –

• It allows you to use new features of Java programming language while writing test cases.
• Like Junit it provides annotations to identify your test methods and flow of execution.
• Separates compile time test code and run time configurations.
• Provides powerful test case execution support.
• Allows you to perform multithreading testing.
• Initially It was designed for unit testing but now allows load testing , parallel testing etc.

There is so much more in this and we will explore more and more when we start coding. But it is very important to learn basics about Testing frameworks before writing your test cases as selection of right framework is like building pillar for your automation framework.

How to Setup TestNG –

• • Create and Android Project or open your existing project

• • Go to app -> build.gradle

• Copy the below line of code in your dependencies section.
  
  testCompile 'org.testng:testng:6.9.10'

  1	testCompile 'org.testng:testng:6.9.10'

   
• Click on Sync
• Once you get build successful message then you are ready to go.
  

  

How to Configure Junit Testing Framework in Android Studio?

In our previous post, we talked about the Android Studio and Java Installation. In this we will learn about very famous unit testing framework setup for android studio that is Junit. Before jumping on to the setup let us learn more about Junit Testing Framework.

What is Junit ?

Junit is a widely used testing framework used for Java Programming language. Before you learn, how to write automated test cases it is very important to learn Junit testing framework in detail. It helps you to define the flow of your testing framework.
Junit is built on idea of “first testing and then coding” which helps in increasing productivity of the test case developer and stability of the code.

Features of Junit Testing –

• It is open source testing framework allowing users to write and run test cases effectively.
  
• Provides various types of annotations to identify test methods.
• Provides different types of Assertions to verify the results of test case execution.
• It also gives test runners for running tests effectively.
• It is very simple and hence saves time.
• It provides ways to organize your test cases in form of test suits
•  You can integrate Junit with Eclipse, Android Studio, Intellij etc.

How to Setup JUnit–

• • Create a new Project in Android Studio – (Refer our previous post)

• • • Go to app -> build.gradle
    • In the file add below line of code in dependencies section:
      • testCompile group: ‘junit’, name: ‘junit’, version: ‘4.12’

   

  • • Click on Sync
    • Once you get Build is Successful message then your Junit Framework is Set and you can use it while writing your test cases
    • Note – We will see how to use Junit in your test cases in our future posts
      

   

How to install Android Studio?

A Manual tester want to start and learn automation, there are many curiosity come to their mind about what tool to use?, which IDE(Integrated Development Environment) to select?, what testing framework to select? This tutorial will help you to know about an IDE called Android Studio. IDE is nothing but development environment for writing and executing code.
Android Studio is the official IDE for coding android app, but it is also very good alternative for writing and executing test cases. Android Studio is very easy to install and faster to write, deploy and run.

Let us see why Android Studio is best suitable for testing

• Android Studio supports both JUnit and TestNG testing framework which are most commonly used for building automation framework.
• We can use various automation tool with Android Studio like Appium, Espresso and Robotium etc.
• Android Studio provides support for Unit Testing (White box testing) and Instrumentation Testing (Black box testing).
• After Test case execution, Android Studio generates html report as an overview of passed and failed test cases.
• Most interesting feature provided by Android Studio is we can calculate code coverage on the basis of test cases written. This helps us measure our testing efforts.

After knowing, how we can effectively use Android Studio for our testing effort. Now, we will see how to install Android Studio. Before installing Android Studio, it is required to install Java.

• • • First of all Download latest JDK version from This Link
    • Click on “Accept License Agreement” and download latest code.
      
    • Click on .exe file and then java installation window will open.
    • Click on next and finish installation.
    • Installation doesn’t complete unless you set JAVA_HOME.
    • So go to my computer properties.
    • Click on Advanced System Settings -> Advanced > Environment Variables
    • Click on New under System Variable. Then in Variable Name enter “JAVA_HOME” and Variable Value as “Java Installed Path” (It mostly lies in : C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8***)
    • Now, edit path variable and add “;%JAVA_HOME%\bin” at the end.
    • To verify that java is installed successfully, go to command prompt and enter “java – version”. You will see “Java Version 1.8.***”
      

• • Now Download Android Studio from THIS LINK
  • Click on .exe and install the Android SDK into your system.
  • Installation doesn’t complete unless you set ANDROID_HOME. So go to my computer properties.
  • Click on Advanced System Settings -> Advanced -> Environment Variables -> New Variable and Variable Name – “ANDROID_HOME” and variable value-” C:\Users A\Downloads\android-sdk . The same way as we did for Java Home
  • Then, Select Path Variable -> Edit and then add following path after semicolon (;) %ANDROID_HOME%/tools;%ANDROID_HOME%/platform-tools

Difference Between Unit Tests and Instrumentation Tests

 Android Studio allows you to write unit test as well as instrumentation tests. It is very important for us to learn more about unit tests and instrumentation tests. We have defined it in terms of Android Application.

In layman terms, Unit tests are the test cases written for testing code written by developers and Instrumentation test are the test cases written for testing UI & functionality of the application. In short, Unit tests is associated with white box testing and instrumentation tests is associated with black box testing.

Unit Tests –

• Unit tests runs in local JVM and minimizes the execution time.
• Unit Tests cannot test UI of the app without mocking activity objects.
• Unit test are used for white box testing for testing code.
• Most of the time Unit Tests are written by Developers.
• You don’t need a device connected for execution of Unit Tests.

Instrumentation Tests –

• Instrumentation tests are used for black box testing.
  
• It is used to test GUI of the application along with its functionality in real environment.
• For execution of Instrumentation tests you need a device /emulator on which the application is first installed and then tests are executed.
• Automation Testers are involved in writing instrumentation framework.

Basics of Android Project Structure

Coding with android studio looks very promising because it is an IDE based on IntelliJ IDEA that is used for android application development. Even though we are not going to build android application , it is very important for us to understand the project structure so that we can code effective and understandable automation test framework.

There are five important components of Android Project Structure like main,gradle,.idea, app and External Libraries. Let us Discuss this in detail.

• Main Project –This would be entire project context. Whatever you do in IntelliJ IDEA, you do that in the context of a project. A project is an organizational unit that represents a complete software solution. A project in Android Studio is like a workspace . In android Studio a project, can contain multiple modules. This means that, in theory it is possible to build multiple apps within the same project.
  
• .idea –.idea is used for storing project specific metadata in Android Studio.
• Project Module –This is the actual project folder where your application code resides. The application folder has following sub directories
  • build: This has all the complete output of the make process i.e. classes.dex, compiled classes and resources, etc.
  • libs : The lib folder is used for storing project specific jar files..
  • src: The src folder can have both application code and android unit test script. You will find two folders named “androidTest” and “main” correspond to src folder. The main folder contains two subfolders java and res. The java folder contains all the java codes and res contains drawables, layouts, etc.
• Gradle – Gradle is used for configuration of build procress. We will see more detais about this in our nest post.
• External Libraries -This is a place where Referenced Libraries and information on targeted platform SDK is shown.

Top 25 HP LoadRunner Interview Questions and Answers

Top 25 Performance Testing Interview Questions and Answers

Linux Inode

What is Inode?

Inode is abbreviated as Index Node. As we know in Linux, whatever is there is a file. So, in order to maintain a consistency by treating everything as a file (even the hardware devices). The monitor, hard disk, printer, mouse, keyboard or directories are also treated as files in Linux. The regular files contain data such as text files, music files (mp3, mp4, audio etc.), video (multimedia files ) etc. Keeping aside the regular data, there is some other data about these files such as their size, ownership, permissions, time stamp etc. This meta data about a file is managed with a data structure known as Inode.

Where is Inode stored?

In Linux, file is stored in two different parts of a disk – the data blocks and the Inodes. The data block contains contents of a file. All other information about the file is stored in Inode.

Example1 : Rename a directory dir1 to Directory_1 which is in your current path

Syntax:

Kindly note that Inode number of dir1 will be same as Directory_1. In order to view properties of a directory, use ls –d  command.

Example2 : Prompt for confirmation before overwriting Examine.txt in /tmp directory

Syntax:

This is used while we are taking a backup so that updated file is stored and kept for use.

The input required during the prompted confirmation is:

• For yes : YES, Y, yes, y
• For no : NO, N, no, n

When the destination file permission is different than source file, mv –i  command will display the confirmation in following way:

Example3 :Move multiple files in specific directory. ( Let’s say  we have Linux_Lect1, Linux_lect2 and we need to move it to Linux_tuts directory). We have both Linux_lect1, Linux_lect2 in my current path:

Syntax:

Example4 : Take a backup of Destination file “Examine“ before overwriting a file:

Using a mv command  with – – suffix  option we can take a backup of destination file before overwriting .  The destination file will be moved with the specified extension:

–S

or

–suffix option.

Syntax:

Backup for Examine file is taken and changed to Examine.doc

Example5 : Suppose there are 10 files in directory d1 and we have copied any 8 files in directory d2. Now, we need to copy rest of the 2 files in directory d2.

Syntax:

-u option will perform update only if the source is newer than destination file

Linux ECHO Command

Usage of Linux ECHO Command:

This command is very important command widely used in bash and c shells. It is used to display a line of text/string on standard output or a console.

Syntax:

Example1 : Input a line “Hi, this is my session 2” and display on standard output.

Example2 : Declare a variable x and assign its value let’s say 30. Then, echo its value i.e. print value of x.

Example3 : Print statement “ I Love Linux” with no space using echo.

Explanation: Usage of \b as backslash interpreter.

Example4 : Print all words of a string keeping one word in each line. Lets take string as “I Love Linux”.

Explanation: \n is used as next line interpreter.

Example5 : Print all files and folder in current path using echo command (an alternative of ls command).

Linux CP Command

Usage of Linux cp Command:

This command is used to copy one or more files from source path to destination path.

Syntax:

Example1 : Make a copy of file into same directory.

Explanation:

• Creates a copy of “originalfile” in present working directory. The copied file will be named as “newfile”.
• Be very cautious while running the above command. If in case any file named as “newfile” exists in the same directory, it will be overwritten without confirmation prompt. This is the default behavior of cp command.
• If you want to be prompted while overwriting a file, use interactive option (i). For example : # cp –i originalfile newfile. If “newfile “  exists , you will be prompted as:
  
  • cp : overwrite ‘newfile’?
• If you type any of the combination (y,Y,yes,YES), the newfile will be overwritten and if you type any of the combination (n,N,no,NO), the newfile will not be overwritten, i.e. command will be nullified.

Example2 :Copy a file named as originalfile to another location say (/home/root). 

Or

Both syntax are same. The forward slash-dot (/.) is implied in second command (the dot is very special in every Linux directory which means  “this directory”).

Suppose originalfile is at following path: /home/root/folder1/contentfile. Then, above syntax will be written as:

Example3 : Copy a file named as originalfile to another location say (/home/root) with a new name testFile.

Example4 : Copy all files starting with word “testing” from home directory of user “root” to home directory of user “govind”.

Note : Asterisk (*) is a wildcard or special character which expands to match other characters.

Example5 : Copy all files from the home directory of root to home directory of user ram.

Example6 : See what cp command is doing.

Example7 : Create backup date of each copied file.

If destination folder already have a file and we know that by using cp command, it will overwrite the same in destination directory. So, we use – backup option , cp command will make a backup of each existing file.

–backup=simple option will create a backup file which will be marked by a tilde sign(~) at the end of file. —backup option has following control options:

• none, off: no backup will be created (even if –backup is given)
• number, t : make numbered backup
• existing, nil : numbered if numbered backup exist, simple otherwise.
• simple, never: always make simple backups.

Linux LS Command

Usage of Linux LS Command:

This command is used to get list of files & folder at a particular path. Suppose there is a folder containing files and you want to know what all files are there in that folder we use this command. We use certain switches to get desired output.

Syntax:

Example1 : List all files in a folder.

Example2 : Show all the files of a directory, size, modified date and time, file and folder name and owner of file and its permission.

Example3 : View all hidden files in the folder.

Example4 : Know all files and directories in a current folder.

All files which are followed by / are directories and rest are files.

Example5 : List all files in reverse order.

Example6 : To print all files in reverse order.

Example7 : Sort the files by files size.

Example8 : List your home directory.

Example9 : List the home directory of user “Aman”.

Linux SU Command

Usage of Linux SU Command:

This command is used to become another user in his own session. By default, user without username will login as super-user (i.e. Root).

Syntax:

Example1 : Login as “guest “user.

Example2 : Run specific command with another user privilege say govind.

Example3 : Login as root user.

Or

Linux Introduction

Some historical fact for Linux:

In 1991, in Helsinki, Linus Torvalds began a project that later became the Linux kernel. He wrote the program specifically for the hardware as he wanted to use the functions of his new PC with an 80386 processor.

What is Linux?

Linux is an Operating System.

What is Operating System?

Low level software that supports a computer’s primitive function such as scheduling tasks and controlling peripherals.

Types of Operating System:

1. System Software: System software are those software which incorporate the programs that are dedicated to manage the computer itself, such as the operating system, file management utilities, and disk operating system.For instance : Linux , Windows etc

2. Application Software: Application software or simply applications, are often called productivity programs or end-user programs because they enable the user to complete. Specific examples of application software incorporate Microsoft Office, Excel and Outlook, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox and Skype.

3. Utilized Software: Utilized Software or a business application is any software or set of computer programs used by business users to perform variety of business functions.  For instance: Antivirus, McAfee etc.

Finally we conclude: Linux is Open Source Operating System. Specifically Linux is System Software providing an interface between user and computer.

Advantages of Linux:

• Linux is very durable.
• Linux is less susceptible to computer malware.
• Linux as compared to other OS is fast and does not slow down over time.
• Old desktop/Laptops can be given new life using Linux OS
• Linux has variety of distributors so we have many varieties in Linux.
• Because there are many distributors you can freely access this software.
• It’s a superior method of upgrading software

Disadvantages of Linux:

• Many windows programs will not run in Linux thus requires a change.
• There is a smaller selection of peripheral hardware drivers for Linux.
• People who are new to Linux requires to learn this skill thoroughly in order to use the Operating System.
  

Features of Linux OS:

• There are two prompts in Linux
  • $ -> Local user prompt
  • # -> Admin user prompt or Root Prompt
• Commands are followed by switches but it does not matter in which order we are using switch.
  Example: ls –lrt is same as ls –rtl same as ls -l -r -t
• Linux is case sensitive so using upper case will give different output and lower case different.
• Linux is Open source operating system.
• Several program are running at same time.
• Several users on same machine at same time

Wild characters in Linux

Linux Tutorial

In this free Linux Tutorial, we will cover most important topics of Linux in a short, crisp and concise manner. Tutorial sections will have Linux Commands with examples and brief of each command how it works. This tutorial will cover Linux Beginner Level to Linux Advanced Level. In case, you are good in Linux and want to assess your knowledge. You should solve the Linux Assignments present and take the Linux Quiz to see where you stand. 

Pre-Requisites

To learn this tutorial, you don’t require any previous knowledge of this domain. Having knowledge in this domain is an added advantage.

Audience

Anyone who wants to gain extra knowledge of Linux Operating System and Linux Commands. This course can take up by students, geeks, Linux developers, testers, administrator. After completing this tutorial, you will find yourself ready to browse Linux Operating System, to answer Linux Interview Questions and to explore more around Linux.